Nanoparticlessynthetic have emerged as novel tools in a wide range of applications, including bioimaging and drug delivery. However, their unique physicochemical properties raise concerns regarding potential toxicity. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a type of nanoparticle that converts near-infrared light into visible light, hold immense diagno

Carbon dot nanomaterials (CDNs) have emerged as a significant class of nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications in various fields. These highly fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties that originate from their fundamental structure and surface chemistry. These tunable size, shape, and c

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystals with unique optical and electronic properties that make them highly desirable for a variety of more info applications. However, their full potential can be further maximized by engineering their surfaces to achieve specific functionalities. Surface modification allows for the introduction of functi